Hospitality Entrepreneurship Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Hospitality Entrepreneurship - Assignment Example The qualities and attributes are usually same in every entrepreneurial act as long as the focus is on the basics, however it differs when you proceed further into the operations, like the basics in every service based or small business entrepreneurship would be more or less same. The characteristics of Marriott were that he was having willingness to take risks and a desire to make his dreams come true, he possessed self-confidence and met the challenges that confront him, he believed a lot on his hard work and efforts rather than blaming his fate. Of course the rewards that he got for doing all that are quite visible. The other things that are attached with the Hospitality Entrepreneurship are Segmentation, Location (Depends on business type), Communication, Advertising and Sales Promotion, Finance Management and above all the Human resource employed. The segmentation is necessary in Hospit... If you are having a hospitality entrepreneurship the three things you have to worry about are Location, Location and Location, as you should facilitate the target audience with the facility of identifying you easily. The communication is another aspect of hospitality business, as the customers cannot expect you to do some other work than their work. The sales promotion is necessary in order to attract the old customers and also for the purpose of getting them back. You also need to take care about the finance, every thing should be operated within the allocated budget otherwise things would be sooner out of your hands and finally Human resources are the key in hospitality, as the customer wants you to be very frank and well mannered at the same time. So the initial mission of Marriott was to provide people with entertainment and a unique service which today has become so common, it would not be unfair to say that Marriott is the role model in brining innovation in the hospitality industry. "To develop successful innovation, a corporation should establish a conducive organizational climate. Traditional managers tend to adhere more strictly to establish hierarchical structures, to be less risk oriented, and to emphasize short terms results, all of which inhibit the creativity, flexibility, and risk required for new ventures. Organizations desiring an intrapreneurial climate need to encourage new ideas and experimental efforts, eliminating opportunity parameters, make resources available, promote a teamwork approach and voluntary intrapreneurship, and enlist top management's support." (Hisrich, M. Peters, D. Shepherd 54) The management of the external resources has turned these days extremely important, if this section would be

Social Work Compentcies PowerPoint Presentation

Social Work Compentcies - PowerPoint Presentation Example Therefore rather than pathologise her connections in the lives of her family members, I choose to treat this as culturally normal and help her figure out ways to establish some boundaries. This shows what I do in my work with clients that I think is represented in the image that I have included here in my portfolio. This video represents an ethical dilemma. During my practicum experience I am often faced with an ethical dilemma. I watched this video and they suggested several strategies that I have implemented in my agency when I face an ethical dilemma. I used the steps recommended in the video to address several ethical dilemmas. I became aware that a client has selling his food stamps. This is a violation of the agency policy. The client sold these food stamps to get money to buy cough syrup for her daughter who had a severe cough. I realized that although this seemed like a legitimate need for money, the food stamp policy is clear, that food stamps are not to be sold. I followed the steps in this video to think about what should be my action steps. Literacy is an important aspect in the community. It would be beneficial to identify the literacy needs in that community. The needs are assessed and evaluated to know which would be the best method to be used to educate the community. The above image inspired me to involve all the participants during the meetings we held. The above image shows that the world is the way it is because of the presence of diversity. In my practicum experience, I noticed that there were different patients who had different need and thus needed to be treated differently. Recognition of cultural diversity entails respecting the differences of people in the society. Each person’s beliefs and lifestyles are respected while having an understanding and support of the differences. Embracing culture in the society is important in enhancing cultural structure in the society. I was able to

Design of Automated Biomass Gasifier

Design of Automated Biomass Gasifier ABSTRACT: Biomass gasifiers have found a promising place in renewable energy resource field. Even then, these gasifiers are facing lots of practical difficulties on operational effectiveness due to shortage of man power. So small scale biomass gasifier is fabricate and further the fuel feeding system and switching functions (On/Off Operations) are also changed by means of automation. Bucket conveyors are used to feed the fuel from the reservoir to the pre-storage chamber. The fuel will be fed in equal intervals of time to maintain constant level of fuel in the reactor. The level of the fuel in pre-storage chamber can be checked by means of level sensors. Ignition of the gasifier is also automated using a special ignition set up. All these automations are achieved by using microcontrollers, sensors and limit switches. Keywords: Biomass gasifier, automation, conveyor, microcontrollers. I. INTRODUCTION: Biomass gasifier has evolved in different aspects for more than three decades. Many improvements were made in biomass gasifiers. The rectifications of the flaws found in the gasifiers were sorted out; researched and good results were obtained. Highly efficient biomass gasifiers of different type are in existence at present. Even then there are many problems to overcome in order to make the biomass gasifier further more efficient. The main challenging factors to make the biomass gasifiers highly efficient both cost wise performance wise are as follows, (i)Gasification is quite complex and sensitive process. (ii)Due to the continuous working of the system it requires the repeated refueling. (iii)The removal of residues such as ash and other residues is taking more time.(iv)The formation of producer gas is very easy, but getting the proper state is very difficult.(v)Man power is needed for fueling, igniting and monitoring. Thus resulting in expenditure for safety aspects of human resources, which makes it cost inefficient the system. (vi)Toxicity of producer gas is also a major problem which affects the humans. Amongst all the problems faced, the major problems falls in a category of need for automation. The automation can be done in any type of biomass gasifier. This paper focuses on automating downdraft gasifier in particular. The concept of automation of the biomass gasifier started from the year of 1980 by â€Å"Bil finger industrial automation services†. Various up-gradations and the changes are brought into practice after the middle of 1990’s the automation of gasifier is still being debated for further improvements. A. Automation of the Gasifier Using Microcontroller Energy systems that rely upon biomass fuel are often very complex due to the need for the systems to integrate fuel handling, combustion control, and ash removal. Automation of biomass gasifier is capable of offering a wide range of solutions to suit these needs. These are achieved by utilizing a variety of PLC and SCADA systems at present [1]. Even though PLC SCADA finds a promising place in automation of biomass gasifier [1] there were few disadvantages like highly expensive system for being installed in small scale and medium scale gasification unit skilled workers with deep knowledge about these controlling system are needed. Hence this paper mainly focuses on automation of then gasifier from small scale to large scale unit. This can be achieved by automate the gasifiers using microcontroller. A Microcontroller is a digital computer on a single chip but usually runs for performing a dedicated task. It has CPU, memory, timers, Parallel Serial I/O and peripherals, counters and clock circuit. The primary operation of a microcontroller is performed by using a fixed program that is stored in the ROM. Because of absence of CPU, RAM, ROM, Peripherals all embedded on a single chip in microprocessor, microcontroller has a greater advantage over it. This in turn reduces the size of the application and cost. It consumes low power because it operates at low frequencies and so it is fit for durable application. II. DESIGN OF AUTOMATED GASIFIER: Downdraft gasifier, the upper cylindrical part of gasifier acts as a collection device for wood chips or other biomass fuel [4]. The downdraft gasifier is shown in Fig. 1. Below this cylindrical part of gasifier, there is a radially directed air nozzle that permits air to be drawn in to the raw material, so they become gasified. Before the pyrolyzing of biomass it contacts with atmospheric air, char and support a flame. It rapidly consumes limited air supply for getting richer flame in the pyrolysis zone. At the final stage of pyrolysis zone, the gases consist mostly of C ­o, H2o, Co2 and CH4 [5]. The throat ensures that the gaseous products pass through the hottest zone where most of the tar cracked into gaseous hydrocarbon. Thus produces relatively clean gas. A. Components of gasifier: All the components of downdraft gasifier are designed in soildworks software. Main components of automated downdraft gasifier and their design are described below. 1. Hopper: The purpose of a hopper is to store the biomass for continuous feed to reaction chamber. It is mounted above the reactor of gasifier. The fuel storage hopper is made up of 4mm thick mild steel. The diameter and height of fuel hopper is chosen to be 220mm and 550mm respectively [2]. Round shaped hopper has been chosen to prevent the problem of biomass being stuck. 2. Gasification Zone: This is the main component of gasifier. The main reaction of gasification like oxidation, reduction and distillation takes place in this zone. It is in the shape of vertical convergent and divergent nozzle (from top to bottom direction) and made by 3mm thick mild steel. Upper diameter of divergent section is 100mm and the lower diameter is of 220mm with 100mm height respectively [2]. 3. Outer Cylinder: A cylinder is made to cover the whole gasification assembly. The height and diameter of cylinder are 220mm and 250mm respectively [2]. B. Components of automated gasifier: The components of automated gasifier and their design are described below. 1. Pre-storage chamber: A pre storage chamber is made to store the fuel after the fuel bunker and before the combustion chamber. The height and diameter of cylinder are 200mm and 300mm respectively. 500mm length door frame is placed on the top of cylinder, same 500mm length door frame placed on the bottom of the cylinder. And 250mm outer diameter and 220mm inner diameter flange. 8 holes of 10mm diameter are drilled in the plates to join the hopper and pre-storage chamber with the help of nut and bolts. 2. Pre – Storage Door with lead screw: A pre-storage door with lead screw is placed inside of the door frame. It is used to avoid the atmospheric air to inside the combustion zone. The length, breadth and thickness of door are 300mm, 210mm and 2mm respectively. And the Diameter, Length, Pitch and Thread height of lead screw are 19mm, 320mm, 6mm and 3mm respectively. The Diameter, Length, Pitch and Thread height of box nut are inner diameter- 20mm, outer diameter- 40mm, 35mm, 6mm and 3mm respectively. The door is placed on the top of cylinder, same door frame placed on the bottom of the cylinder. 3. Fuel bunker with conveyor system: A fuel bunker with conveyor is made to store the fuel in the fuel bunker and convey the fuel from fuel bunker to pre-storage chamber (Bucket conveyors were used in the system) [3]. The height, length and width of fuel bunker are 400mm, 450mm and 450mm respectively. And the conveyor is placed inside of the fuel bunker another end is placed on the top of the pre-storage chamber. C. Assembling of automated gasifier: In order to assemble the gasifier components, first of all water tank is placed on the stand and the gasifier is placed inside the tank. Now the pre-storage chamber is placed to top of the hopper and join with the help of nut and bolts. And the fuel bunker with conveyor is placed on the stand one end of the conveyor is fixed inside of the fuel bunker and another side of the conveyor is fixed on the top of the pre-storage tank with help of bolts and nuts. The schematic of automated gasifier unit is shown in fig. 1. Fig.1. Schematic of automated gasifier unit III. COMPONENTS OF CONTROL SYSTEM A. Microcontroller kit: Microcontroller kit is used to control the sequence of operation in this system, like door open close, conveyor system on/off, igniter on/off, blower on/off. These operations are control by according to the sequence of operation. B. Sensors: IR proximity sensor is act as a level sensor. The level of the fuel in pre-storage chamber can be checked by means of level sensors. It can able to sense the nearby objects without any disturbance of the sensed object. It does not have any mechanical parts and also lack of direct contact between sensed object and sensor. So it has high durability and high reliability. C. Motors: Motor is used to drive the conveyor system and door open close operations. These are controlled by microcontroller kit. D. Limit switches: Limit switch is a device which converts mechanical motion in to electric signal. It is operated by physical contact of the object. In this system limit switches are used to control the door open close system. Fig.2. Automated small scale gasifier unit IV. SEQUENCE OF OPERATION Flow chart for sequence of operation Starting process Continuous process If the fuel level comes down in the hopper B. Flow chart description: Starting process: Step 1: set the feeding time interval in the microcontroller kit (using adjustable time regulator). Step 2: press the press button to start the process. Step 3: door 1will be open (using motor limit switch). Step 4: conveyor on fuel is taken from fuel bunker to pre-storage chamber. Step 5: if the fuel attains the maximum level in pre-storage chamber, the conveyor system will be cut off (using sensor to check the level of fuel in pre-storage chamber). Step 6: After these door 1will be close. Step 7: And then door 2 open. The fuel comes from pre-storage chamber to hopper. Step 8: After 25 sec door 2 will be close. Step 9: repeat from step 1 to step 6 another one time for filling the hopper (this repeating process is adjustable in the program. it depends upon the fuel). Step 10: After this process air blower will be on (for creating pressure in the gasification zone). Step 11: After 1min igniter will be on (using automatic igniter). Continuous process: The continuous process will happen for every equal interval. The time interval is adjustable (before start the whole process to set the time interval depends up on the fuel characteristics). Step 1: door 1 open. Step 2: conveyor on fuel is taken from fuel banker to pre-storage chamber. Step 3: if the fuel will be attain maximum level in pre storage. The conveyor system will be cut off. Step 4: door 1 close. Step 5: door 2 open. The fuel comes to hopper. Step 6: After 25 sec door 2 will be close V. CONCLUSION Thus the small scale biomass gasifier was designed and fabricated with automatic controls. This gasifier is initiated with the manual feeding of biomass in the Fuel bunker, set the equal time interval for feeding from fuel bunker to pre-storage chamber and press the push button to start process there after the entire process like fuel feeding system, ignition system, switching functions (On/Off Operations), equal interval of feeding was automated using microcontroller, sensors, limit switches and motors. In future to develop the gasifier in fully automatic mode, to controlling and monitoring the gasifier parameters like temperature, pressure, air flow rate and gas flow rate etc. And also implement this automation in large scale gasfiers.

Government Intervention in the Free Market Essay -- Economics

It is not only unnecessary for the government to intervene to maintain a free market, it is extremely wrong. Intervention by any outside party in corporate matters is inappropriate and basically contradicts the meaning of a free market. There are some positive effects government intervention could produce. These pros are, in fact, few, and questionable, at that. Take for instance, the situation with Microsoft. The government is sticking its nose in where it doesn't belong. Let's try and get passed that point for a moment and examine the good that could come out of government intervention. One possible pro to this intervention is that it would most likely create a more equal market (not "fair market.") The term "fair market" is like an oxymoron in this case because basically the government is saying, "Hi, we're the United States government and we're sorry but we cannot let you continue to run your business. Although you have spent your life working to improve and simplify the computer industry, we simply feel you have made too much money." How is this in any way fair? In some people's eyes it is for the best of the economy and the computer industry, but it is definitely not fair. For the government to break down Microsoft, a multi-billion dollar company would be ridiculous. True, maybe the market would be more equal. No more mammoth company, just moderately sized companies. This could be a pro. But who is the government to decide that a company is too large? And if so where is the line drawnone billiontwo billiontwenty billion? One other possible pro to government intervention in the Microsoft case would be that smaller, newer companies would have a "fairer" shot at being recognized. Once again, the term "fair" is open to discussion. What is considered to be fair to some can be completely unfair to others. Smaller computer companies would undoubtedly have a better chance at becoming popular. However, people are free to do whatever they want. No one forces people to use Microsoft applications. They are simply put, the most user-friendly, simple but efficient programs that happen to be compatible with a great deal of PCs. Microsoft was that small, unknown company once too. They had no help from the government in their quest for fame and fortune, why should other companies? The few pros to government intervention are arguable. Now let us discuss the cons to... ...what our government basically saying. Microsoft may well be a monopoly. It is a huge powerhouse corporation that can afford to give its products away for dirt cheap to control the market. There are, however other options. There are other programs for IBM computers and there is also the option of using a Macintosh system. There are other programs that are good, and the new Macintosh computers have proven to be faster than the latest Pentiums. Why, then? Why is Microsoft the leader? The answer is Bill Gate's work is done well. It is user friendly, innovative and works with the majority of PCs. No other company's product is used more widespread than Bill Gates. Even the prosecutors putting him on trial probably use his programs. He should be left alone. He has done no one any harm. He makes life easier for the non computer literate, and has made thousands of employees and shareholders millionaires. He has used fair business practices and started from nothing. Even if Microsoft is a monopoly, it will not end the free market system. If anything, the government will ruin it. A free market should mean it is free of everything excluding commerce, including government intervention.

Aspect For Mentally Ill Patients Health And Social Care Essay

Health is a resource for mundane life, non the aim of life. It is an optimistic construct, give accent to personal and societal resources every bit good as physical abilities ( WHO, 1984 ) . Furthermore, mental wellness is a relation of an person with environment. Shives ( 2002 ) states that mental wellness is a positive province in which 1 is responsible, displays self – consciousness, is self-directive, is moderately worry free, can get by with usual day-to-day tensenesss and life satisfaction. Beginning of twenty-first century, a particular attending is for the bar of mental unwellnesss and publicity of good being. Occupational therapy comes under the umbrella of mental wellness recovery. It is an advantageous usage of mundane life activities for affecting client in functions which gives significance to your life and assorted state of affairss at place, university, work topographic point, society and other scenes ( Delany 2010 ) . AOTA ( 2004 ) states that â€Å" Occupatio nal therapy addresses the physical, rational, psychosocial, and other facet of therapy is to back up battle in mundane life activities that affect wellness, good being, and quality of life † . In add-on, College of Occupational Therapists ( 2003 ) states that Occupational therapy helps client to achieve wellness, life ‘s satisfaction and wellbeing through engagement in business ( Creek & A ; Lougher, 2008 ) . So, occupational therapy is a procedure of engagement into a purposeful activity that contributes towards an person ‘s wellness, well-being and self-respect. Occupational therapy is an indispensable facet for mentally sick clients within socio-cultural context to heighten societal ability, personal direction and appropriate usage of leisure clip. It besides builds societal interaction and eliminates societal phobic disorders by deviating head towards utile waies therefore, makes a better personality. Creek ( 2003 ) the major end of occupational therapy is to accomplish fulfilling public presentation and efficaciously usage of clip that will back up in recovery and societal engagement. Goals includes procedure end, such as constructing a curative relationship and result end, such as brand possible to return place after a stay in infirmary ( Creek & A ; Lougher, 2008 ) . Psychiatric clients may acquire an chance to be after a better hereafter, as it provides chances as good. During my rotary motion to Karwan-e-Hayat infirmary, 56 old ages old female, diagnosed with schizophrenic disorder. She is widow and has 4 measure boies and her hubby died 3 old ages back, her in-laws think that she is huffy, they do n't desire her to populate with them and they besides sent her to panah shelter place. Where she feels really disquieted and misses her boies really much. She does n't speak to anyone and gets aggressive whenever person comes to speak to her. But her aggression subsides, when she gets involved into the activities like flower agreement, pulling and jewellery devising in occupational therapy. These activities help in modifying her aggressive behaviour into relaxation as she participates in these activities with great involvement. The originative ability theoretical account for psychosocial occupational therapy as described by De Witt ( 2005 ) is based upon the theory of originative ability developed by Vona du Toit, 1960s and 1970s. Creative ability theoretical account facilitate healers in measuring client ‘s occupational public presentations based on the accomplishments they achieved. This helps clients to show oneself, without vacillation or anxiousness. Chiefly, model work on three characteristics ; originative response-an expectancy of pleasance despite anxiousnesss about capableness or result, originative participation- taking portion in activities that challenges clients abilities and originative act-end merchandise of the originative response and originative engagement. Individual ‘s originative capableness forms ain ability within his confine originative potency. Basic construct of theoretical account is will ; farther consist of two constituents that is motive, an internal strength that initiate person ‘s occupational behaviour and action which is the transmutation of motive into mental or physical attempt taking to an occupational behaviour. Model reflects motive is dynamic as it footing at different phases of occupational development. Sequentially divides motive into 6 degrees that are tone, self-differentiation, engagement, self-presentation, part and competitory part. Similarly, action is divided into 10 degrees including pre-destructive, destructive, incidental constructive action, exploratory, original, experimental, imitative, merchandise centered, society centered and state of affairs centered. As degree advancements, clients get diverse accomplishments and occupational behaviours. Environment is considered to be powerful linked with the development of originative ability. De Witt ( 2005 ) emphasizes on the premise of theoretical account, activities are purposeful when they meet up client ‘s demands, felicity, abilities and aim within life and s upply equal chance for development and alteration. This theoretical account supports client in different countries like personal direction, societal interaction and productive usage of leisure clip. Stress plays a important function in de-motivating, prosecute into negative ideas and finally stoping up in reduced self-efficacy and low productiveness of work. As in above scenario, adult female is aggressive, remains stray and does non desire to speak to anyone but occupational therapy makes her emotionally stabilized. And provides opportunity to deviate her psychic and physical urges off from stressors and helps to concentrate on her positive potencies. In instance of abnormal psychology, the healer may command symptoms by prosecuting client in meaningful and well-organized activities. Harmonizing to a survey it indicates positive betterment in psychologically hard-pressed clients have entree to occupational therapy services. ( Kohn, Hitch, & A ; Stagnitti, 2012 ) . Therese Schmid ( 2005 ) emphasized that province of wellbeing is a subjective experience consisting of: feeling of pleasance, or a scope of feeling of felicity, comfort and wellness, which can differ from single to single. Occupational therapy give an opportunity to rectify client ‘s negative and defective thought as its presence addition maladaptive behaviours, including self-abusive and non caring for others. Mental wellness in relation to business affect client in important functions ( e.g. , friend, pupil, household member ) , activities ( e.g. , athleticss or avocations ) which enhances clients emotional wellbeing, societal competency, aid to get by with life passages, achieve personal end and life satisfaction ( AOTA, n.d. ) . Psychological, biological and societal factors are constantlyA influence and modify person ‘s wellness ( Matthews & A ; Barr, 2010 ) . These factors influence mental wellness of single and communities, including both single header mechanism an d societal support. Occupational therapy is one facet which improves quality of life. Occupational therapy aims to beef up the ability of an person to get by with nerve-racking events which may impact their mental wellbeing. Diversion activities which increase their ego regard, senses of well-being, better feeling of satisfaction, beef uping the balance of physical, societal, religious and psychological wellness and hike up single ‘s resiliency. Harmonizing to Mental Health Commission of Canada ( 2008 ) focal point on mental wellness and construct wellness system for mental sick client in order to pattern client centered attack, legion activities enhance clients self-governance, interpersonal, judgement and psychomotor accomplishments would assist client to stay emotionally and mentally healthy. These activities include carom board, ONO, football and computing machine games, it is easy to understand their regulations and need less concentration span. Therapists can besides integrate activities like music which helps client to review his head and supply relaxatio n. Furthermore, societal assemblage facilitates clients to halt believing about defective ideas and engage in positive facet of life. Finally skill edifice activities including flower agreement, sewing, personal training, art and trade will non merely assist client in psychomotor accomplishments but besides provide an chance to be after for better hereafter so. In decision, Occupational therapy is the most indispensable therapy for mental recovery of mentally sick client as it affect client into recreation activities to heighten their quality of life. It besides promotes qualities with regard to socio-cultural context including independence, self-esteem, societal engagement and accomplishment heightening chances. Creative ability theoretical account assists client to work efficaciously and present himself without anxiousnesss by originative response, engagement and action. It includes assorted activities therefore, assist client to change over their negative ideas and alter it towards important intents such as treatments, games and end focal point interaction. It enriches client ‘s rational, interpersonal and psychomotor accomplishments. Occupational healer demand to advance recreation activities for mentally sick client in our society. American Occupational Therapy Association. ( 2004 ) . Policy 5.3.1: Definition of occupational therapy pattern for State Regulation. American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 58, 694-695. American Occupational Therapy Association ( n.d. ) . Mental Health in Children and Youth: The Benefit and Role of Occupational Therapy. The American Occupational Therapy Association, Inc. Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.aota.org/Practitioners-Section/Children-and-Youth/Browse/MH/44479.aspx? FT=.pdf Canadian Association of Occupational Therapists. ( 2008 ) . Occupational Therapy and Mental Health Care. Canadian Association of Occupational Therapists. Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.caot.ca/default.asp? pageid=1290 Creek J 2003 Occupational therapy defined as a complex intercession. College of Occupational Therapists, London Creek, J. , & A ; Lougher, L. ( 2008 ) . Occupational positions on mental wellness and wellbeing. In S.E.E. Blair. , C.A. Hume & A ; J. Creek ( Eds. ) , Occupational therapy and mental wellness ( 4thA ed. , pp.A 18-27 ) . Edinburgh, London: Churchill Livingstone. Delany, J. V. ( 2010 ) . Standards of Practice For Occupational Therapy. Standards of Practice the American Occupational Therapy Association. Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.aota.org/about/core/36194.aspx De Witt, P. 2005. Creative Ability- a theoretical account for psychiatric occupational therapy. In Crouch, R. & A ; Alers, V. ( explosive detection systems ) . Occupational Therapy in Psychiatry and Mental Health. 4th Edition. London and Philadelphia: Whurr Publishers. Kohn, M. , Hitch, D. , & A ; Stagnitti, K. ( 2012 ) . Better entree to mental wellness plan: influence of mental wellness occupational therapy. Australian Occupational Therapy Journal, 59, 437-444. Department of the Interior: 10.1111/1440-1630.12005 Saint matthews, M. K. , & A ; Barr, J. ( 2010 ) . Theory, definitions and context for mental wellness publicity. In Best pattern guidelines for mental wellness publicity plans: Older grownups 55+ . Therese.S. ( 2005 ) Promoting wellness through creativeness: an debut. In T.Schmid ( Eds. ) , Promoting wellness through creativeness for professionals in wellness, humanistic disciplines and instruction, Whurr, London. Shives, L. R. ( 2002 ) . Basic constructs of psychiatric mental wellness nursing ( 5th ed. ) . Philadelphia: F.A Davis. World Health Organization ( 1986, November 21 ) . Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion First International Conference on Health Promotion. NASPA – Student Affairs Administrators in Higher Education. Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.naspa.org/2012_Chicago_Hdts_1 % 281 % 29.pdf

Downfall of a Leader

The Foolishness of Achilles’ Anger What causes a great leader to fall? Why do people who have such large potential fail? Could it be pressure? Expectations? Circumstances? All these things may contribute but the final blows are made by a serious character flaw or a series of unwise choices. Two men help to illustrate this fact. First, Achilles, who was brought down by over-reacting and his own anger, faced failure as a leader. Second, Samson made foolish decisions and paid for them with his life. Achilles, who was one of several Greek princes under King Agamemnon, demonstrates the foolishness of anger. Agamemnon and Achilles had each earned attractive women in battle. When Agamemnon had to return his woman to her father, the King took Briseis, Achilles’ prize, for himself, thus removing Achilles’ glory from him. Foolishly, Achilles responded with rage. He would not fight for Agamemnon against the Trojans until his honor was restored. He stomped back to his own hall and his own ships, taking his own countrymen with him. The Trojans almost slaughtered all the Greeks before the two quarreling captains made peace and Achilles willingly fought for his country. Achilles’ anger caused many unfortunate consequences. One consequence was his own misery. Selfishness equals misery. Since most of his friends did not like him anymore, he felt very lonely. A second outcome of Achilles’ bitterness was the death of many people. Because he continued his pouting, the war lasted several days longer and many soldiers perished needlessly. Lastly, the irritation resulted in the untimely end of his best friend, Petroclus, who bravely marched into battle wearing Achilles’ armor. Achilles, although he was a skillful, courageous warrior, provides a clear example of the nasty effects of resentment. Another potentially great leader was Samson. Samson was born to deliver the Israelites because they had fallen into sin again. Although he had to follow strict rules, he would be a great and strong man. He could not cut his hair, or touch any unclean animal, and he was required to follow all the rules of the Nazirites. Samson thoughtlessly broke many of the rules on him. He married a woman who was not from Israel, he touched an unclean animal, and wholly rejected his calling to save Israel. God however, was going to have his way, with or without Samson’s obedience. While Samson had destroyed many Philistines, the Israelites captors, he was still unwilling to obey. At last Samson made an incurable mistake; he told Delilah how to make himself weak. Samson spent the rest of his short life as a captive to the Philistines. His eyes were plucked out. He worked like an animal. He was treated like dirt. In the end he did destroy the Philistine army, but only with his own death. His bad choices led him to a place he never intended to go. When he was born, he had the potential to be Israel’s greatest and grandest judge, but instead he became a blind man who had to die to fulfill his purpose. Although both Samson and Achilles were great men, they failed because of their anger, foolishness, selfishness, and resentment. They ruined their possible success by making unwise decisions. Even though they were born to greatness, their reputations are marred by their reckless behavior. These two men’s lives reveal the stumbling blocks that cause leaders to fall.

MS vs. MBA Degrees

MS vs. MBA Degrees MBA  stands for Master of Business Administration. The MBA degree  is internationally recognized and easily among the most well-known professional degrees in the world. Although programs vary from school to school, students can who go for the MBA can expect to get a broad multidisciplinary business education. MS stands for Master of Science. An MS degree program is an alternative to the MBA program and is designed to educate students in a particular area of business. For example, students can earn an MS in accounting, marketing, finance, human resources, entrepreneurship, management, or management information systems. MS programs combine science and business, which can be beneficial in the modern, tech-heavy business world.   Trends Over the last few years, there has been an increase in the number of specialized masters degree programs at business schools, colleges, and universities across the country.  According to  survey results  from the Graduate Management Admission Council, there has also been an increase in the number of business school  students interested in specialized masters degrees. Career Goals   When considering which program to choose, it is important to consider your future career path. Both the MS degree and the MBA are advanced degrees, and the superiority of one over the other depends solely on your career goals and how you plan to utilize your degree. MS degrees are very specialized and will give you excellent preparation in a specific area. This can be helpful if you plan to work in an area like accounting  where you need in-depth knowledge of accounting laws and procedures. An  MBA program  typically provides a more general business education than an MS, which can be helpful for students who want to work in management or think that they may change fields or industries in the future. In short, MS programs offer depth, while MBA programs offer breadth.   Academics Academically, both programs are usually similar in difficulty. At some schools, students in MS classes may be more academically inclined because they are there for different reasons than MBA students. This is because some of the people who attend MBA classes are in it for the money, the career, and the title. Whereas MS students are often enrolled in classes for other reasons - most of them academic in nature. MS classes also tend to focus more on traditional coursework. Although MBA programs require plenty of traditional class time, students also get educated through  work-related projects and internships. School Choice Because not all schools offer an MBA and not all schools offer an MS in business, you will need to decide which is more important: your program of choice or your school of choice. If youre lucky, you can have it both ways.   Admissions MS programs are competitive, but MBA admissions are notoriously tough. Admissions requirements for MBA programs are often harder for some students to meet. For example, most MBA programs require three to five years of work experience prior to application. MS degree programs, on the other hand, are tailored for people who have less full-time work experience. Students who want to enroll in an MBA program must also take the GMAT or the GRE. Some MS programs waive this requirement. Rankings One final thing to consider is that MS programs are not subject to rankings like MBA programs are. Therefore, the prestige that is carried with MS programs is much less discriminating.

Thermogravimetric Analysis on The Pyrolysis essays

Thermogravimetric Analysis on The Pyrolysis essays Two varieties of Philippine rice hulls, R-302 and R-19 were pyrolyzed at three heating rates of 10, 20 and 50 K/min using a dynamic thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA) in a nitrogen environment. Results show that the decomposition of hemicellulose starts at lower temperature than cellulose. Lignin decomposes at higher temperature than hemicellulose and cellulose. An abrupt weight loss can be noticed at second peak of active pyrolysis. As the heating rate is increased, there is a shift to higher temperature and total percentage weight loss showed a very slight change. Likewise, the rates of degradation of the two varieties are practically similar. Kinetic parameters were obtained using Arrhenius law and global mass loss kinetic models. Results show that the major components of the rice hulls have the following order of activation energy: cellulose>hemicellulose> lignin. Key words: rice hulls, thermogravimetric analysis, pyrolysis Rice hull or husk is the thin but tough outer sac of the rice grain. It accounts for about 20% by weight of the whole rice (Grist, 1975; Beagle, 1978). It is considered a major agricultural waste in rice producing countries like the Philippines. An estimated 150 thousand metric tons of rice hulls are available for utilization. This estimate is based on a projected 7.28 million metric tons of rice produced in the Philippines for this year up to year 2000 (Manila Star, July, 1999). At present, uses of rice hulls in the Philippines are in minor applications such as insulating materials; extenders for construction materials and as landfill. Direct combustion is also practiced mainly for domestic source of heat for cooking in special stoves. Commercial applications of rice hull are limited too. It is used as a source of heat for drying corn, palay, tobacco and handicrafts. Burning of rice hulls is not encouraged anymore with the passing of the Philippine Clean Air Act in 1999. Hence, many are left to rot and ...

Phrases for Greeting People in English

Phrases for Greeting People in English Greetings There are a number of greetings we use when meeting people. These greetings depend on whether we are meeting people, leaving people or meeting people for the first time. Meeting People for the First Time When introduced to someone for the first time, use the following greetings: Hello, its a pleasure to meet you.How do you do. Example Dialogues Person 1: Ken, this is Steve.Person 2: Hello, its a pleasure to meet you. Person 1: How do you do.Person 2: How do you do. Note: The reply to How do you do. is How do you do. This is appropriate when you meet someone for the first time. Meeting People When meeting people during the day, use the following phrases. Formal Good morning / afternoon / eveningHow are you?Its good to see you. Informal HiHey, hows it going?Whats up? Example Dialogues Person 1: Good morning John.Person 2: Good morning. How are you? Person 1: Whats up?Person 2: Nothing much. You?

Further Education Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Further Education - Personal Statement Example In studying, there is continuity of gained knowledge within the confines of class lectures, and outside it. As a result, I become a better rounded person who deals easier with the challenges of work and social demands. As I work and socialize better, fruitful interaction are expected, and in return, could help me shape up internally. Healthy communication gained from work and social environments results in a better-balanced psyche and body. If I could perform my job well and look forward to a better and more fulfilling job, then, it would translate into a good night sleep, inspired daily living, and smooth interaction with my colleagues at school. Bandura (1994) presented a very interesting phrase of "self efficacy" as an individual's "beliefs about their capabilities to produce designated levels of performance that exercise influence over events that affect their lives. Self-efficacy beliefs determine how people feel, think, motivate themselves and behave. Such beliefs produce these diverse effects through four major processes. They include cognitive, motivational, affective and selection processes." I personally perceive further education as a means to improve my efficiency, and in this way, I am confident that I can achieve a certain degree of success which I have conjured up in my ambitious mind so that as Bandura stated, "efficacy enhance

The Spanish, English, and French Styles of Conquest on North America Essay

The Spanish, English, and French Styles of Conquest on North America - Essay Example rench rule was mostly based on assimilation and spread of Christianity where many people moved to France while the French moved to nations which they colonized. Spanish imperials were different from the British imperial since they relied more on signing treaties and agreements with the residents to gain certain possessions or material wealth from certain regions. The paper attempts to outline the differences in colonial nature of British, Spanish and French in America. The French colonization process was different from that of Spain and British. The rivalry in gaining superiority among colonies led France to establish colonies in North America, India and the Caribbean. From 1830-1884, France was involved in establishing colonies in various nations especially in North America and it was accompanied by spread of Catholic religion2. First, France started trading with such countries and it would take purchased materials and manufactured items to the motherland and it also spread its language through interactions with these countries. French also ensured that the moral mission was being spread through Christianity. In 1884, Jules Ferry who was the leading colonial master declared that the superior races had a duty to civilize the lower races through assimilation. France sent large numbers of its citizens in North America and became a powerful force in the region and also in Paris3. The British was a strong force and superior colonial power since 1707 when the Kingdom of Great Britain was formed. The colony was the largest empire and it involved domination against other colonies, protectorates, colonies, territories and mandates that was administered through colonies4. The British colonies and kingdom had spread and comprised of one-fifth of world’s population and the empire covered almost quarter of the world’s total land. The British rule also dominated the Northern America The British imperial was marked by use of various approaches such as church and colonial

Evidence-Based Practice Project Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 4

Evidence-Based Practice Project - Assignment Example To help among the interventions on heart diseases, echocardiography was introduced. The use of echocardiography as a means of identifying the structural aspects and those related to functional means in relation heart diseases remain disagreed on. Some of the problems associated with the use of the machine include the recurrence rate of the problem due to failures or weaknesses related to this machine. To add on to the above is the fact that echocardiography has only been used among adults and has not been used among teenagers yet teenagers face an increased risk of heart diseases. This is a problem because teenagers must also receive the help if the machine can help them (Mane, et.al. 2012). Addressing heart diseases from a young age should be the ideal intervention. Therefore, by leaving teenagers out in the tests on whether the machine can help control heart diseases alongside other interventions is not right (Welsh, Sharma, Cunningham & Vos, 2011). As such, this problem must be re solved to ensure that teenagers have the chance to use the machine. There are several stakeholders/ change agents that are concerned or may benefit from this proposal. The first change agents will be the teenagers. This proposal directly affects teenagers and the proposed solution will be tested on them. Therefore, teenagers form the first and most important change agents and stakeholders in this respect. The second stakeholders is the parents and or guardians of the teenagers because teenagers cannot make decisions to participate in the proposed solution by themselves. Therefore, parents and or guardians come in as representatives for teenagers. The university is a stakeholder in this proposal because the proposed solution will be implemented under the university. Therefore, it is an important stakeholder in this proposal. The healthcare system, healthcare practitioners especially cardiologists, manufacturers of echocardiography and potential users are all stakeholders/

Quality focused paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Quality focused paper - Essay Example TQM encompasses other factors such as the Kano model’s analysis of the customer’s perceptions of quality; the cost of quality model; statistical process control; the Six Sigma and other quality strategies, and the implementation of best practices in quality development in business enterprises. Soltani et al (2008) have found that the success of TQM depends on the extent of commitment of top management towards the concept. This paper proposes to discuss the various dimensions to quality management, taking into consideration the relevance of quality management in today’s world, the quality control strategies constituting total quality management, and best practices for implementing quality management philosophies. Other related concepts will also be discussed, and the quality development strategies in various companies in the business world, will be demonstrated. There are various dimensions of quality. Some of the factors are related to excellence in performance and manufacturing and meeting the requirements of specifications and standards. The measurability of quality is also an important dimension, which involves use of statistical process tools for measuring quality. Quality systems can be benchmarked against quality standards. The International Standards Organization (ISO) 9000 and the European Foundation of Quality Management (EFQM) excellence model are two international standards for quality management. Quality, cost, level of customer complaints, flexibility and reliability are some of the performance goals. Value for money is another important factor, achieved throutgh six sigma statistical process control, and â€Å"added value† through customer care programs such as the provision of servicing, repair and maintenance facilities (Pergamon, 2005). Relevance of the Topic in Today’s World: With increasing competition in the production and marketing of goods and

Philosophie Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Philosophie - Essay Example The second part, on the other hand, will compare some important concepts that have been forwarded by each of them in order to underscore some important lessons. The last part will conclude this paper by stating the relevance of each of their views in the subsequent studies on the philosophy of the mind—how their analyses guided various schools of thought pertaining to metaphysica and the mind-body problem (philosophies of St. Thomas Aquinas, Rene Descartes, and Martin Heiddeger). To Plato, the physical world is nothing but an immitation of a perfect world, as stated clearly in the article entitled "Plato Overview" (Clark 1). Physical objects are construed as beings lacking the state of perfection. In this regard, the humans’ acquisition of sensible experiences gives them what Plato called ’opinions or beliefs’ (Clark 2). Such position, as reinforced in an academic paper entitled "Temporal Platonic Metaphysics," is based on the assumption that: (1) physical objects can only be regarded as imperfect versions of their perfect counterparts and (2) humans’ senses can only grasp these imperfect characteristics of physical objects (Mikovic 1). Following this reasoning and connecting this to his position on the nature of the human mind, Plato then recognized the need to transcend physicality as he regarded humans as more spiritual than physical. In Plato’s renowned metaphor, humans are souls trapped in physical bodies. Such conception of the state of ’being trapped’ is both revolutionary and developmental—revolutionary because it introduced the concept of non-materiality as another facet of humanity, and developmental because it highlighted the proper way through which the spiritual or ideal state of objects could be grasped. While humans gain sensible experiences through the physical contact with physical objects (as mediated by the five senses), such occurrence is made possible by the author and governor of the visible world of appearances called

Long term project of French spirit promotion in Germany Essay

Long term project of French spirit promotion in Germany - Essay Example Initially there has been a rumor that Ubi-France intended to purchase more number of shares towards acquisition of the German rival groups. The business situation was therefore tensed, and business relationship between France and Germany stained. Such rumors have been refuted by the officials from the Ubi-France, rather the officials have stressed over the need to secure market shares and achieve customer satisfaction. The company has adopted and implemented â€Å"the use of operational ideas and successful experiences from their operations in France†, and has integrated the after purchase services with the sales network, aimed at the establishment â€Å"of a comprehensive and high-efficiency sales-service network† (Warren, 2001). The German consumer market venture has recorded sales of more than twenty thousand units on monthly basis, which is forty percent greater than the previous solo performance of the company. Ubi-France has felt victim of the sociolinguistic challenges within German market. The multinational companies including Ubi-France have been accused for their involvement in such practices which generate â€Å"creativity-driven shock values, controversy and extreme individualism commonly accepted in the North American and Western European markets†. Ubi-France has experienced severe tribulations due to its â€Å"advertising language as culture-blind and bona fid†, and German market created great hurdle for the industry. It has been important for the company to implement congruence of the values, and avoid the existence of the cultural values in the organization in an implicit manner. It has been observed that the categorization of the organizational, departmental and employee values and behaviors on the basis of the cultural affinity has generated satisfaction among the employees, and has developed positive impact on their â€Å"commitment, absenteeism, turnover, mora le and

Philosophie Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Philosophie - Essay Example The second part, on the other hand, will compare some important concepts that have been forwarded by each of them in order to underscore some important lessons. The last part will conclude this paper by stating the relevance of each of their views in the subsequent studies on the philosophy of the mind—how their analyses guided various schools of thought pertaining to metaphysica and the mind-body problem (philosophies of St. Thomas Aquinas, Rene Descartes, and Martin Heiddeger). To Plato, the physical world is nothing but an immitation of a perfect world, as stated clearly in the article entitled "Plato Overview" (Clark 1). Physical objects are construed as beings lacking the state of perfection. In this regard, the humans’ acquisition of sensible experiences gives them what Plato called ’opinions or beliefs’ (Clark 2). Such position, as reinforced in an academic paper entitled "Temporal Platonic Metaphysics," is based on the assumption that: (1) physical objects can only be regarded as imperfect versions of their perfect counterparts and (2) humans’ senses can only grasp these imperfect characteristics of physical objects (Mikovic 1). Following this reasoning and connecting this to his position on the nature of the human mind, Plato then recognized the need to transcend physicality as he regarded humans as more spiritual than physical. In Plato’s renowned metaphor, humans are souls trapped in physical bodies. Such conception of the state of ’being trapped’ is both revolutionary and developmental—revolutionary because it introduced the concept of non-materiality as another facet of humanity, and developmental because it highlighted the proper way through which the spiritual or ideal state of objects could be grasped. While humans gain sensible experiences through the physical contact with physical objects (as mediated by the five senses), such occurrence is made possible by the author and governor of the visible world of appearances called

The Issue of Junk Food Essay Example for Free

The Issue of Junk Food Essay To a great degree, the over consumption of junk food has become the root cause of an untold number of problems that have manifested in the public. In a way, it is because of the public’s seeming addiction to junk food that aid weight and health related problems that these problems are as common as they are today. In order to understand when junk food becomes dangerous, one needs to look at what exactly junk food is and how to eliminate it from a person’s diet. see more:short speech on junk food   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Junk is essentially food that is processed and loaded with fat and sugar. An example of processing includes the bleaching of brown flower to white flour and, accordingly, the replacement of natural sugars with refined white sugar. The main purpose for this process is not to better the food, but to keep the food on the shelf longer without the food spoiling. In other words, the profit motive is what directs companies to release such manufactured food to the public.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   When food is removed from its natural state and processed for a longer shelf life, many of the nutrients that such food is intended to deliver is eliminated. Furthermore, the food’s additives drive the calorie count of the food way up. So, before eating a steady diet of junk food that is high in sugar and fats, one needs to realize that it will surely lead to obesity.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   So, it is best for the public to avoid these types of food for the betterment of the public’s health. The public, however, is usually attracted to the refined taste (and excessive marketing campaigns) of junk food so they react accordingly and purchase junk food products. It also helps the junk food industry that natural products are usually much higher in price and harder to find at convenience stores. While no one wants to play follow the obese leader, most people are unfamiliar with healthy habits because they have never been exposed to such habits before. So what should people do to avoid the problem of junk food addiction? First, the public must recognize the fact that junk food is real bad for diet and health and to adopt a zero tolerance policy towards junk food. If purchasing higher quality food is what is required, then the person make special preparations in order â€Å"stockpile† quality food in the ‘fridge after a shopping trip rather than purchase from low grade fast food shops while on the run.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In order for junk food to lose its hold on the United States’ public, the public must reject eating junk food as a regular staple of diet. This would require a great change on the part of the public’s perception of junk food and that is a daunting task.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   To a great degree, it would be helpful if the government cracked down on the very irresponsible behavior that large food companies have been responsible for. However, our society is one that seems to be very adverse to regulation and this is why there has been little leeway in making large food corporations pay for the damage they have inflicted. Of course, there have been court challenges that were lost because the existed the belief that people had developed obesity and health problems because they lacked a certain level of personal responsibility.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Regardless of where one sits on the issue of junk food diets, virtually no one can deny that it is a person’s individual responsibility to eat properly and avoid food that is terrible for the body. Yes, there are huge advertising campaigns designed to present people with all the benefits of junk food. However, it is unfair to say that such media campaigns are pure brainwashing. In order to do that, one would have to assume that the public is fairly unintelligent to fall for it. Unintelligent? No. Undisciplined? Yes.

Discuss Michael Jacksons influence on modern dance

Discuss Michael Jacksons influence on modern dance Michael Jackson: The King of Pop (1958-2009) World-renowned for the influence he brought to the international music and dance scene, Michael Jackson was and still is an iconic figure in the entertainment industry. He was an all-rounded phenomenon in the history of pop culture, a singer, songwriter, dancer and choreographer, all incorporated in one body. His talent in being able to fuse his music and dance style together so seamlessly was probably one of the reasons for his booming success as an artist. The transformation and influence that he had brought about in the entertainment industry, dance included, might very well be the greatest legacy that any solo artist had ever left behind. Michael Jacksons Career as an artist A born artist, Michael Jackson had been a singer and dancer throughout his lifetime, from an age as young as 5 years old. He initially learnt to dance by studying the shows of leading artists at that time, such as James Brown and Jackie Wilson. From the time of Michaels entry into the Jackson 5, at the age of 5, till the time he was 13 years old, the Jackson 5 had already been featured in numerous television programmes, live shows and produced several hit albums. (Carlsson, The Jackson 5 Era) At the age of 13, Michael produced his first solo single, Got To Be There, which topped the charts both in the United States (US) and the United Kingdom (UK). He was a phenomenon to be reckoned and displayed maturity in his singing far beyond his actual age. With his solo career well on its way, Michael continued to perform with his brothers as the Jackson 5. Along with the release of the song Dancing Machine, Michaels talent as a dancer was also realized as he pioneered what was called the robot dance, a disco dance style that quickly became popular. By 1974, Michael Jackson had produced 4 albums of his own, including a number 1 hit on the US charts, making him the youngest vocalist to ever top the US charts at the age of 16. His solo career was further developed in versatility when he was featured in a motion picture, Wiz. (Carlsson, Off the Wall Era) By the age of 26, Michael had won multiple awards as a musician, acted in various movies and had already reached the point of international stardom. About this time as well, Michael began his first solo tour. With his whopping success, popularity, fame and talent, Michael proved himself to be the greatest entertainer of the 1980s and the best-selling artist of all time. It was also in 1989 that the term King of Pop was so aptly coined for him. Michael Jackson was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame twice, one as a part of the Jackson 5 and another as a solo artist. Over the years, he established for himself a reputation for his dance moves and choreographic work as well, above being a singer, songwriter and actor. He developed certain signature moves, which the world has come to know and see so much of in his work, such as the moonwalk, the toe stand and the anti-gravity lean. (Harrington) Though his personal life was filled with controversies and tarnished with accusations of various misdeeds, he was no doubt a great entertainer and artist who left behind a legacy that many artists, singers, dancers and musicians alike, continue to keep alive. Michael Jacksons Approach to Dance Michael Jacksons dance style was influenced by a wide range of people, varying from RB artists to even ballerinas. His influences included jazz, street dances and African-American indigenous styles. Throughout his career, he was under no formal training, nor did he have any dance teachers supervising him, further affirming his natural talent. He was completely self-taught and worked very much in isolation when it came to mastering his famous dance moves. (Beers) He was creative in the way he brought different techniques of various dance styles together, taking whatever he saw and liked in other dancers and making them his own. (Roy) By fusing various styles and techniques, together with his own artistic creations, he introduced an entirely new dance style to the world. He was born with natural flair, grace, flexibility and even musicality. Most definitely, these developed further as he grew as a part of the Jackson 5 and eventually as a solo artist. He was a perfectionist as a dancer, refining his steps and moves till they were flawless before they were presented on a stage. His dance works took long periods of preparation and hard work, rarely a result of instantaneous improvisation. Michael Jackson was also born with a talented and creative mind. While his works were inspired by various styles and specific artists at that time, he was known for his original and phenomenal invention of steps as well. His moves may have been similar to certain techniques in some styles, yet what defined them as a whole new dance style was the difference in their execution and presentation as part of pop culture, along with his songs. He executed his movements with sharpness and great precision, evidence of his many hours of practice in the dance studio on his own. With all these factors taken into consideration, it was obvious how he so easily left a legacy as a dancer just as much as he did as a singer. Its Relation and Impact on Dance From the moment Michael Jackson stepped into the Jackson 5 at the age of 5, whether he was part of the group or going solo, he was an entertainer and performer wherever he went and captured the hearts of many who watched him. He was as successful a dancer as he was a musician and his works continue to inspire many in the entertainment industry today. Traces of his dance moves are still being kept alive by many leading artists such as Usher and Justin Timberlake, though not executed as flawlessly as the man himself. (Brown) His influence on the worldwide dance scene was something that I believe took place largely due to his success as a musician and singer. The style of his dance moves complemented his songs so well that these two elements together gave a whole new dimension to pop culture. Before Michael Jackson, few have had as much success in transforming and redefining dance the way he did. He played a pivotal role in the history of dance as he gave new breadth and depth to the vocabulary of different genres of dance such as jazz and hip-hop. I believe that what sets him apart from other choreographers and artists who also create their own moves is the fact that his dance movements have lasted not only the test of time but have also moved across space to become a worldwide phenomenon. Through him, the dance scene has changed all across the globe. Many seek not only to learn the steps but to execute them with as much precision and style as he did. This proves that his success as such an influential dancer was not only due to the aesthetic value of his steps but can also be attributed to the amount of entertainment value he possessed when he performed them. The impact of Michael Jacksons work may not be as evident in some genres of dance as they are in others but he has no doubt played a highly significant role in molding the artists of this generation, dancers included. He still stands strong as the King of Pop and will continue to do so till the next time as great a phenomenon as him emerges in the arts scene. Conclusion Dance, as a part of the performing arts, has grown over time to become more important in terms of entertainment value, beyond the technically perfect and intrinsically precise. Michael Jackson could very likely be responsible for pushing this element of dance to the point where it is today, with the combination of music, use of the body and entertainment value all together as one. Though many other classical and traditional forms of dance continue to stand firm in their original forms, not infused with modern elements of great artists such as Michael Jackson, it is sufficient to say that his overwhelming success as an artist throughout his life has, at the very least, transformed a very large part of the broad genre of modern dance in the world today.

The Tragedy of Xenotransplantation :: Transplants Medical Essays

The Tragedy of Xenotransplantation Background and challenges In 1954, surgeon Joseph Murray started a revolution in the Medical industry by performing the first human organ transplant, a kidney transplant between identical twins(1). Initially, allotransplantation received some hindrance due to the ability of the human immune system to reject any foreign object. With the introduction of cyclosporin, a powerful drug that minimizes the rejection of foreign tissue, allotransplantion possibilities have expanded spectacularly(3). It is no longer necessary to have an exact match of certain blood type markers for a successful human transplant. This means organs from unrelated people can be used. Recipients have a good chance today of living at least five years with an allograft. These days organ transplantation is a norm. Each year about 20,000 Americans receive life saving transplants of heart, kidneys , liver or lungs. Today, allotransplantation faces a significant challenge because the need for this procedure far exceeds the av ailability of donor organs. Each day, approximately 10 Americans breathe their last breath waiting for organs to become available. To meet this scarcity of human organs, doctors along with pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies are investigating an alternative to allotransplantation, xenotransplantation. Xenotransplantation, (xeno) is a greek word meaning â€Å"stranger†, involves transplanting or grafting of animal organs, tissues, or cells to replace failing organs or to treat disease in humans. These transplanted or grafted organ, tissue, or cell is called a xenotransplant or xenograft. As documented in Table 1, the concept of xenotransplantation dates as back as 1682, but it was not until the 1960's that the technological world stimulated this idea for whole organ transplant. In 1963, Keith Reemtsma transplanted chimpanzee kidneys into thirteen patients. Also, in 1964 Hardy and colleagues from the University of Mississippi used a chimpanzee’s heart as a xenograft. The patients did not survive for long but the transplanted organs showed no sign of rejection. This success inspired more research and development in xenotransplantation, which resulted in the use of this process for therapeutic effects, such as bone marrow transplant in AIDS patients. Although, both whole organ and bone marrow transplants received limited success, the use of pig's heart valves to repair human hearts and porcine pancreatic islet cells to treat diabetes raises the hopes of scientists that someday whole organ xenotransplantation will be possible.

history :: essays research papers

Primary Documents Task 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  GNP: The total market value of all goods and services produced by a nation. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Economy: management of resources 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Culture: the arts, beliefs and customs of a group at a certain time 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Technology: application of scientific knowledge 5.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Social: living together in a community 6.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Political: structure or affairs of a government 1.Social History-, Charles Manson and the Sharon Tate murder and Abe Lincoln freed slaves, declaration of independence 2.Political History- JFK assassination, Pres. Clinton?s impeachment trial, Florida vote scandal. 3.Scientific/Technological History- Silicon Valley, Bill Gates Microsoft Empire, atom bomb 4.Economic History- stock market crash of the 30?s that led to the great depression, 5.Cultural History- Woodstock, martin Luther?s Lutheran church and Mardi gras 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  What you think the document says in broad terms. We will not stand for an unjust govt 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  To whom is the document written? To the king of England 3. Include examples of how the Declaration of Independence illustrates The five themes It explains the history of America from their time. How trade was cut off, how they were deprived trials and for quartering troops among their towns. Constitution: It was the setting up of laws and rules for their new country away from a king, with their own constitutional government. Amendments   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Amendment I [Religion, Speech, Press, Assembly, Petition (1791)] Amendment II [Right to Bear Arms (1791)] Amendment III [Quartering of Troops (1791)] Amendment IV [Search and Seizure (1791)] Amendment V [Grand Jury, Double Jeopardy, Self-Incrimination, Due Process (1791)] Amendment VI [Criminal Prosecutions - Jury Trial, Right to Confront and to Counsel (1791)] Amendment VII [Common Law Suits - Jury Trial (1791)] Amendment VIII [Excess Bail or Fines, Cruel and Unusual Punishment (1791)] Amendment IX [Non-Enumerated Rights (1791)] Amendment X [Rights Reserved to States (1791)] 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Military figures show that the number of people dismissed from the military for reasons related to homosexuality rose last year to the highest total since 1987. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Donald Blom and the fact that he no longer has a right to bear arms due to his criminal record is very likely that he will go to prison for bearing arms 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Not up to date 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  uuu 5.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When Bethe Feltman killed her two young children in Jefferson County in 1998, the prosecution and defense lawyers agreed she was insane, no jury decided her fate and no one ever argued that she should be put to death. The Rocky Mountain News reports. 6.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When Bethe Feltman killed her two young children in Jefferson County in 1998, the prosecution and defense lawyers agreed she was insane, no jury decided her fate and no one ever argued that she should be put to death. history :: essays research papers Primary Documents Task 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  GNP: The total market value of all goods and services produced by a nation. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Economy: management of resources 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Culture: the arts, beliefs and customs of a group at a certain time 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Technology: application of scientific knowledge 5.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Social: living together in a community 6.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Political: structure or affairs of a government 1.Social History-, Charles Manson and the Sharon Tate murder and Abe Lincoln freed slaves, declaration of independence 2.Political History- JFK assassination, Pres. Clinton?s impeachment trial, Florida vote scandal. 3.Scientific/Technological History- Silicon Valley, Bill Gates Microsoft Empire, atom bomb 4.Economic History- stock market crash of the 30?s that led to the great depression, 5.Cultural History- Woodstock, martin Luther?s Lutheran church and Mardi gras 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  What you think the document says in broad terms. We will not stand for an unjust govt 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  To whom is the document written? To the king of England 3. Include examples of how the Declaration of Independence illustrates The five themes It explains the history of America from their time. How trade was cut off, how they were deprived trials and for quartering troops among their towns. Constitution: It was the setting up of laws and rules for their new country away from a king, with their own constitutional government. Amendments   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Amendment I [Religion, Speech, Press, Assembly, Petition (1791)] Amendment II [Right to Bear Arms (1791)] Amendment III [Quartering of Troops (1791)] Amendment IV [Search and Seizure (1791)] Amendment V [Grand Jury, Double Jeopardy, Self-Incrimination, Due Process (1791)] Amendment VI [Criminal Prosecutions - Jury Trial, Right to Confront and to Counsel (1791)] Amendment VII [Common Law Suits - Jury Trial (1791)] Amendment VIII [Excess Bail or Fines, Cruel and Unusual Punishment (1791)] Amendment IX [Non-Enumerated Rights (1791)] Amendment X [Rights Reserved to States (1791)] 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Military figures show that the number of people dismissed from the military for reasons related to homosexuality rose last year to the highest total since 1987. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Donald Blom and the fact that he no longer has a right to bear arms due to his criminal record is very likely that he will go to prison for bearing arms 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Not up to date 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  uuu 5.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When Bethe Feltman killed her two young children in Jefferson County in 1998, the prosecution and defense lawyers agreed she was insane, no jury decided her fate and no one ever argued that she should be put to death. The Rocky Mountain News reports. 6.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When Bethe Feltman killed her two young children in Jefferson County in 1998, the prosecution and defense lawyers agreed she was insane, no jury decided her fate and no one ever argued that she should be put to death.

Bowen Family Systems Therapy Essay

Abstract This paper was designed to fully describe Bowen’s Theory of Family Systems Therapy. The eight concepts that illustrate this theory will be thoroughly discussed and explained. References of professionals who have worked with and studied Bowen theory will be implemented and relied on in order to adequately understand and depict this theory. And finally, the second portion of this essay will include a case study. The case study will present a family profile, a treatment plan and goals, interventions and a projected outcome for the family’s recovery. Through this case study the reader will be able to identify Bowen techniques and get a more kinesthetic look on how Bowen’s Family System Therapy is applied. Introduction Bowen’s Family System Theory is based on the family as an emotional unit. The theory is based on the idea that the family is so emotionally integrated that the effect each member has on the other members can be overwhelming. Bowen’s Theory focuses on that emotional connectedness and assumes that the family can either promote cohesiveness and cooperation or tension and anxiety. Therefore, according to this theory, a change in one person’s attitude or actions will be followed by a reciprocal change in the functioning of the other members. When anxiety levels rise within the family unit the stress levels will also heighten. Therefore, when this happens one or members will end up feeling overwhelmed, isolated or out of control and then the family unit will be shaken as a whole. During this time of distress, the members who feel most out of control or  stressed will work extra hard to accommodate the other members. This is part of the reciprocal interaction. This member who absorbs most of the tension is most likely the member who will end up most susceptible to problems such as illness, alcoholism and affairs. Eight Concepts In order to implement this theory into a therapy session Bowen created eight interlocking concepts to assist the therapist in working with families. The concepts include triangles, differentiation of self, nuclear family emotional system, family projection process, multigenerational transmission process, sibling position, emotional cutoff and societal emotional process. However, it is important for any therapist to keep in mind that, according to Mike Nichols (1988), the core goal underlying the Bowenian model is differentiation of self, more specifically, the â€Å"ability to remain oneself in the face of group influences, especially the intense influence of family life†(p.2). Triangles The eight interlocking concepts are key to understanding Bowenian Family Therapy. To begin, triangles are a three person relationship system. Triangles are considered the building blocks of the larger emotional system. The reason being that the triangle is the smallest stable relationship system. Three people can take on much more tension than two people. Additionally, a triangle can contain a large amount of stress without bringing in a fourth person because the tension can shift around to all three relationships. However, just because a triangle can bear more tension does not make it healthier. Someone is almost always left out and nothing gets resolved in a triangle formation. Triangles and their undesirable effects on the family unit contribute greatly to the development of clinical problems. Within triangles, members are pushed from outsider to insider positions of conflict. Within this inside/ outside drama members will begin maneuvering and manipulating their positions within the group, thus causing fights and with that heavy strain on the relationships. Getting pushed from inside to outside positions can trigger depression and even a physical illness. For example, two parents focusing on what is wrong with a child can trigger serious rebellion within that child. While triangles may seem  comfortable and stable, they end up being a huge problem within the family unit. Differentiation of Self In opposition of triangles is Bowen’s idea of differentiation of self. According to Fritzland (1991, p. 1), the degree to which a differentiation of self occurs in an individual reflects the extent to which that person is able to distinguish between the intellectual process and the feeling process he or she is experiencing. Thus differentiation of self is related to the degree to which one is able to choose between having his or her actions, relationships and life guided by feelings or thoughts. Individuals with the most fusion between their emotions and thoughts and relationships are the lowest functioning people. These people get to a point where they cannot even tell what feelings and thoughts are their own and which are those of other people. Undifferentiated Family Ego Mass Bowen introduced the concept of the undifferentiated family ego mass. Undifferentiated family ego mass is the idea that there is a syndicated emotional oneness that exists in all levels of intensity. Goldenberg and Goldenberg (1991, p. 171) give a great example of this in the relationship between mother and child and child and father. They write, â€Å"The symbiotic relationship of interdependency between mother and child may represent the most intense version of this concept; a father’s detachment may be the least intense. The degree to which any one member is involved in the family from moment to moment depends on that person’s basic level of involvement in the family ego mass.† When the emotional closeness is too intense and possibly overbearing this may lead to an uncomfortable closeness within the family, closeness that will lead to mutual rejection between members. It may lead to fights that include intense yelling, slamming of doors and phone hang ups. Bowen insists that maturity and self-actualization demand that an individual become free of unresolved emotional attachments to his or her family of origin. Fritzlan (1991, p.4) notes that Bowen’s theory assumes that every human has an instinctive force inside them that propels the developing child to grow up to be an emotionally separate person, able to think, feel, and act as an individual. At the same time, Bowen proposes that a similar life force, also instinctively ingrained, thrusts the child and family to remain  emotionally connected. As a result of these counterbalancing forces, argues Bowen, no one ever achieves complete emotional separation from the family of origin. However, there are considerable differences in the amount of separation each of us accomplishes, as well as differences in the degree to which children from the same set of parents, emotionally separate from the family. Nuclear Family Emotional System The third concept builds on the idea of differentiation of self and is called nuclear family emotional system. The concept of the nuclear family emotional system describes four basic relationship patterns that govern where problems may develop in a family. Marital conflict, dysfunction in one spouse, impairment of one or more children and emotional distance are the patterns which will govern where problems will probably develop within the family. The more anxiety one person or one relationship sucks in, the less other people must absorb. This means that some family members maintain their functioning at the expense of others, which ends up causing a strenuous amount of tension on the people who must accommodate. People do not want to hurt each other, but when anxiety chronically dictates behavior, someone usually suffers because of it. The next concept that Bowen introduces gives the concept of the nuclear family emotional system more reason to it’s’ rhyme. Family Projection Process The family projection process touches on the different type of relationships that parents have with each of their children. When one child is focused on more than another child, the focused on child will typically be more fused with his or her parents than the unfocused on child. Goldenberg and Goldenberg (1990) say that â€Å"differences in parental behavior make for significant differences in how each child functions† (p.221). Furthermore, the child who is most focused on is most sensitive to disturbances and initial signs of instability within the family. Simply put, when the parents select the most infantile child of the family as the object of their attention, Bowen calls this the family projection process. Multigenerational Transmission Process The next key concept that Murray Bowen developed is multigenerational  transmission process. Multigenerational transmission processing describes how the entire family joins in the family projection process that was previously discussed. Bowen wrote that multigenerational transmission process provides a base from which to make predictions in the present generation and gives an overview of what to expect in coming generations. This process entails the way family emotional processes are transferred and maintained over the generations. In this theory Bowen contends that people choose mates with equivalent levels of differentiation to their own. Thus, the highly undifferentiated person will choose a mate that is similarly undifferentiated from their family and the differentiated person will find a mate who is also differentiated from their family of origin. Goldenberg and Goldenberg (1990, p. 198) say that it is probable that these poorly differentiated people, now a marital couple, will themselves become highly fused and will produce a family with the same characteristics. Furthermore, Bowen believes that the resulting nuclear family emotional system will be unstable and will seek various ways to reduce tension and maintain stability by over indulging in such things as alcohol, drugs, and getting involved in codependent relationship. This can affect a child psychologically as well and it can then perpetuate and become a cycle within the family. Goldenberg and Goldenberg (1990, p. 199) say that psychological impairment in a child is enabling to the parents as they will simply focus attention on the child and ignore or deny their own lack of differentiation. This will only further inhibit the child’s development of self as well as support the already dysfunctional marital relationship. Sibling Position Sibling position is a concept that Bowen stressed. He believes that each child has a place in the family hierarchy and therefore was more or less likely to fit certain projections. For example, the oldest sibling is more likely to be the mature, responsible one. Whereas the youngest child will more likely be the class clown, irresponsible and immature one. While this concept is well known and maybe even intrinsic to most people, Bowen believes this to be key when understanding differentiation and working within the family emotional system. Emotional Cutoff The seventh concept that Bowen developed for his theory is called emotional cutoff. Most people have experienced this concept or have at least heard of it. Goldenberg and Goldenberg (1990) write that emotional cutoff is a flight from unresolved emotional ties, and is not true emancipation from the family (p. 225). Emotional cutoffs do several things; they reflect a problem, such as underlying fusion between generations. They solve the problem by reducing the anxiety in the cutoff relationship. And finally, they create a problem by isolating people who might benefit from closer contact. Fritzlan (1991) notes that cutoffs most often occur in families where there is a high level of anxiety and emotional dependence. Bowen has suggested that when emotional cutoffs exist between parents and grandparents, then a cutoff between parents and children of the following generation increases in likelihood. It is easy to see how cutoffs can occur and how the other key concepts if not understood or resolved can cause an emotional cutoff in a family relationship. Societal Emotional Process Finally, the eighth key concept is societal emotional process. This process is in a way like the family projection process except scaled to a societal level. Families that deal with discrimination, prejudice and persecution will pass on to their children coping methods and ways to which they survived these factors. Basically, these are social expectations about racial and class groups, the behaviors or each gender and their effects on the family. Andreas Viklund (2009) noted that the family unit and society as a whole have the task of promoting the long term interest of individual members and the society as an entirety. Evaluation and Validity of Bowen’s Theory While Bowen is considered to be one of the most effective theorists in marriage and family arena of therapy, there are both strengths and weaknesses to his ideas. His eight key concepts are great tools for therapists to use as a guide for therapy, but it is important to note the validity of his theory and to review his theory in a more critical way. The main concept that Bowen teaches is differentiation of self. This is the founding idea for all of his concepts. Differentiation of self is very important, however Bowen did not leave a sufficient tool as a means to measure clients’ differentiation of self. Richard et al (2004) note that Bowen suggested that clinicians could use a differentiation-of-self scale ranging from 0 to 100; however, he provided few guidelines to help clinicians reliably and accurately assign an appropriate score. Indeed, he claimed that the concept was not quantifiable for researchers. Consequently, Bowen’s scale has been useful only as a theoretical tool. In the last decade there have been two scales, Haber’s Level of Differentiation of Self Scale and Kowron’s Differentiation of Self Inventory, that were developed as a means to measure differentiation. Richard et al (2004) researched the validity of these two scales with Bowen’s theory by having two experts in Bowen theory rate the relevance of the items in these scales. The first scale significantly correlated with chronic anxiety and psychological distress, which is consistent with Bowen theory and, thereby, demonstrates sufficient validity. The second scale was also consistent with Bowen theory, the Differentiation of Self Inventory correlated significantly with chronic anxiety, psychological distress, and marital satisfaction. In addition, confirmatory factor analysis demonstrated psychometric support for the four subscales. Bowen theorized that people marry according to their same level of differentiation, this is called the multigenerational transmission process. Bowen simply stated, â€Å"People who marry have the same level of differentiation of self (Kerr & Bowen, 1988, p. 225). This is because each spouse has the â€Å"same need for emotional reinforcement from the relationship† (Kerr & Bowen, 1988, p. 171). This concept is probably one of Bowen’s weakest. There have been numerous studies, Richter (1998), Richards (1988) and Skowron (2000) just to name a few, that totally refute this idea of Bowen’s. While this does not necessarily knock down his entire theory it does poke some holes in it and force the common therapist to rethink their approach to working with married couples and their families. While the above concept is a fairly weak one, there is another aspect of multigenerational transmission process that proves to be stronger. There is a vast amount of research supporting a specific aspect of Bowen’s concept of multigenerational transmission process. The aspect that parents’ and children’s values and beliefs are highly correlated seems to have strong validity according to studies. Many of these studies were conducted in the field of social gerontology and date back to the early 1970s when research about the â€Å"generation gap† was conducted to examine continuity between generations (Troll & Bengtson, 1979). These studies have consistently found that parents’ and children’s values and beliefs are highly correlated, as assumed by Bowen. There is also a substantial amount of literature that gives evidence that levels of individual and relationship functioning are passed on from one generation to another. For example, Richard et al (2004) write that studies have revealed that there is a multigenerational transmission process for violence (Alexander, Moore, & Alexander, 1991), divorce (Amato, 1996), and marital quality (Feng, Giarrusso, Bengtson, & Frye, 1999). Richard at al (2004) also remarks that â€Å"research has also shown that eating disorders (Whitehouse & Harris, 1998), depressed affect (Whitbeck et al., 1992), and alcoholism (Sher, Gershuny, Peterson, & Raskin, 1997) are transmitted inter-generationally† (p. 9). Through many studies testing different aspects of Bowen’s theory there are and will continue to be weak points exposed. However, there proves to be a vast amount of validity to his theory as well. The weakest suggestion is definitely that people marry according to their own differentiation. In my own life Bowen’s idea proves to be untrue and while looking at different marriages around me I do not see any sort of pattern in this regard. If anything, I have observed people marrying opposite of their own differentiation level rather than finding a spouse who matches their level of differentiation. Even still, differentiation of self as a whole demonstrates to be the most valid and prominent idea in Bowen theory, both Biblically and psychologically. Biblical Integration and Evaluation I believe God was first to introduce the idea of differentiation of self, especially differentiation of self when entering into marriage. Genesis 2:24 says, â€Å"For this reason a man will leave his father and mother and be united to his wife, and they will become one flesh.† According to this verse it seems that differentiation is shown by one’s ability to leave their parents before they can rightly cleave to their spouse. Since Bowen emphasizes the need for a person to be emotionally differentiated from parents in order to maintain healthy balances of individuality and togetherness in ensuing relationships, this seems to be paralleled with the command presented in Genesis. According to Bowen and Kerr (1988), only a differentiated person can be securely attached. Furthermore, this seems to be God’s stance on differentiation as well. It seems that God, being omnipotent and all knowing, designed marriages to work out best when spouses are healthily differentiated from their families of origin. In my opinion, differentiation of self is very important and seeing how the Bible supports this idea I feel even stronger about its’ significance. This is the main reason I chose to write about Bowen’s Theory to begin with. I appreciate Bowen’s eight concepts, as I believe they are great tools for therapists. The concepts help the therapist to work within this theory without feeling lost or overwhelmed by the new ideas or different facets they are implementing into the therapy session. Even more personally, I think that my own differentiation of self has been weak until the last year or so. This is another reason I chose to work with Bowen’s Theory. When I first got married I was very attached to my family and often chose them over my husband or even over myself. I know that this not only hurt my husband’s feelings, but also the quality of our marriage. When I finally understood that I was spending too much time with my parents and choosing their events over quality time with Elden (my husband), things drastically changed between us. Many problems we were having fixed themselves and he became significantly happier. Elden emphasized to me that he felt much more respected by me when I began deferring to him rather than my parents regarding issues. And in turn, I began to feel much more loved by him because he became mindful of the way he was treating me since it was  obvious I was making conscience decisions to be more attached to him and to my own independence than my family. While I still spend a good amount of time with my family, Elden is much more willing to spend time with them along with me because he knows and feels that he always comes first. Also, I take much more time for myself and the things I enjoy, which makes everyone happier. Looking back I wish that I would have truly understood differentiation of self before getting married, but I am so grateful that I did learn it early on as it will only help us for the rest of our lives together. Seeing how this very small aspect of a lack of self-differentiation played out on my own life drew me to Bowen’s Theory. I wanted to understand how great of a role this theory could play in everyday life. I see now that differentiation of self has a much larger role in familial success than I had thought. And I believe Bowen’s eight aspects only further make the point of this theory’s significance in family systems therapy. Case Study Looking at my own life would be a perfect case study for Bowen Theory. However, since Elden and I did not get any therapy for our issues it would be difficult to use. Keeping my previous story in mind, here is the profile of the case I have chosen to illustrate: The client family consists of three boys and a mother and father. Stan, the father, called in to make an appointment because his wife, Jen who is in her late 40’s, is having anxiety attacks and is overwhelmed by her three sons. She tends to yell at the boys and feels like she has not patience for them anymore. Stan says he has been out of a job for three years and Jen ‘s parents have been supporting their family for the last 6 months. The boys, Joel, Derek and Steve range in ages from pre adolescent to late teens, the eldest being Steve who is graduating from high school soon. Stan reports that they are very high energy, but well behaved and successful in their school and sports activities. Stan emphasizes that h e is most worried about â€Å"mom†, Jen, and thinks the boys are handling things just fine, as is he. After seeing the family as a whole once it is obvious that Jen is not the main problem, it is Stan. However, since Stan is out of work Jen is taking  on the stress of the family and it is more than she can bear. The three boys are very close to their parents and the youngest one, Joel, is totally fused with Jen. Joel sat on Jen’s lap during the session and acted very much like a baby when she was not able gives him her full attention. Stan seems to have come to terms with not having a job and the fact that Jen’s parents are supporting them, however he continues to call Jen â€Å"mom† and talk about how sensitive and delicate she is. There seems to be a lack of intimacy between Stan and Jen along with a lack of respect for one another. And finally, the only one of the children who does not call Jen â€Å"mommy† is Derek, the middle child. Goals, Treatment Plan and Interventions Before presenting the family’s treatment plan and prognosis it is important to understand what the goal of Bowen family systems therapy is. The goal is to increase the capacity of one or more members to adapt to and deal with the constant change and evolution of family life. Graefe (1955) describes the differentiation effort by using a metaphor from sailing: â€Å"you cannot change the velocity of the winds, but you can change the direction of the sales† (p.2). It is with this goal in mind that the treatment plan can be created. To begin, this family’s treatment plan will be to complete a genogram so that I can fully understand their families of origin. It is easy to see that in this family there is a lot of triangulation, mostly between the parents and Steve, the oldest son. At times Derek takes Steve’s place in the triangulation between Stan and Jen. However, he is mostly in an alliance with Stan and has picked up much of his father’s sexist attitudes. The genogram will allow me to see if there was any domestic violence or abuse in the family’s history and will also allow me to get a better idea of the attitudes men had towards women in Stan’s family of origin. Furthermore, the genogram will help indicate how differentiated Stan and Jen are from their own parents and how self-differentiation looks in their family’s past. The genogram will reveal many aspects of Jen and Stan’s family history, some more important than others, but all useful in understanding this couple. Once the genogram is completed I will be able to focus on generational issues. However, in order to help the family more immediately, decreasing the anxiety that Jen is feeling will be absolutely necessary. When anxiety  is decreased presenting symptoms will begin tomodify or decrease. Nevertheless, this will mean that Stan, Steve and Joel will need to learn to be more differentiated from Jen. Stan is interesting, because he has a very sexist attitude toward Jen, but totally relies on her and her parents for most things in life. He needs to recognize this in order to help Jen lessen her anxiety. One way in which I will help the boys become more differentiated from Jen is by, first of all, asking Stan to stop calling Jen â€Å"mom†. Since Stan sets the tone and attitude for his children, having him break this habit will be helpful. It might also create a more intimate attitude toward the couple. Furthermore, Joel will need to sit at least two chairs away from Jen for all futu re sessions. And finally, Jen will be asked to allow Joel to speak for himself so that he can find his own voice. Part of this family’s treatment plan will rely on my use of interventions. It will be very important that I am able to model to them what healthy parenting relationships may look like. I also will need to develop a functioning healthy triangle between Stan, Jen and myself. I believe that once the parent’s relationship is put into a more healthful place, the children will begin to differentiate themselves from their parents. A component of working on Jen and Stan’s relationship will include Stan having more communication with his own mother and with Jen’s parents. It will also include Jen and Stan taking some time out to research their own family history which will hopefully enlighten both of them on a few different levels. Finally, Jen’s major homework will be to take an hour out of each day where she is not available to her family in any capacity and she must journal about this process three times a week. This â€Å"homework† will expectantly allow her family to learn to differentiate themselves from her and reduce some anxiety in her immediate stage of life. Also, I believe this exercise will be very eye opening for Stan to see how much he actually relies on Jen. Stan and Jen’s family should continue therapy for a minimum of one year, as Bowen believes four years is a more reasonable prognosis schedule. If the children do not continue, Stan and Jen should follow through with couple therapy. I would imagine that couple therapy will be more beneficial in the  long run and that their sons will only need to be in family therapy initially. In fact, if I have done my job properly the children will want to discontinue therapy on their own accord. This will be a great indication of the differentiation they are achieving. However, once Joel, Derek and Steve terminate their role in therapy the reason why Stan and Jen will need to continue is so they can fully appreciate the generational transmission process and understand how their emotional projection onto their children is prohibiting growth and differentiation in their circle of five. Conclusion Bowen Family Systems Therapy is a therapy that focuses on emotional process rather than content. Murray Bowen’s eight concepts outline this idea of emotional process very clearly and make following a system and intervention plan easier for a therapist. While some of Bowen’s Theory and concepts are based on his own secular viewpoint, God shines through this theory in His own way. Biblically, many facets of Bowen’s theory are sound which only make a better case for the knowledge that the Bible has to offer the world. Since God is the Ultimate Counselor, it makes sense that differentiation would be mentioned in His Word first. In conclusion, looking at the case study, along with the treatment plan, interventions and prognosis one can get a much better idea of how Bowen Theory can be implemented into family therapy. The family depicted in the case study thought that the problem was the mother, Jen. But it turned out that she was not the only problem. In the treatment plan it was important to focus on the family’s emotional process rather than â€Å"fixing† Jen. All of the members of the family needed to learn to think on their own two feet and live parts of their lives without Jen’s approval. Once this happens, Jen should feel substantially less anxious and angry. Thus, this case was classic for employing Bowenian Therapy. However, Bowen Family Systems Therapy can be applied to any case and will always achieve satisfactory results as Bowen is a master at family therapy. References Fritzlan, L. (1991). How to Get Your Own Life and Not Get Overwhelmed by Your Family. Pacific Grove. Brooks/Cole Publishing Company. Goldenberg, I., Goldenberg, H.(1990). Family Therapy: An Overview. Pacific Grove, CA. Brooks/Cole Publishing Company Kerr, M., Bowen, M. (1988). Family Evaluation: An Approach Based on Bowen Theory. New York, NY. W.W. Norton & Company. Miller, Richard B., et al. (2004). Journal of Marital and Family Therapy. Family Systems Therapy: Is Bowen Theory Valid? A Review of Basic Research. Blackwell Publishing. http://www.interventions.net/BowenTheoryUpdated.pdf